China’s Xi faces a slowing domestic economy even as trade talks with President Trump loom. Weak consumption, investment and property woes complicate Beijing’s strategy to rebalance growth while maintaining global influence.
As President Xi Jinping prepares for high-stakes meetings with US President Donald Trump next year, China faces a mounting domestic economic dilemma that could weigh heavily on negotiations and the country’s broader global strategy.
China’s internal economy is showing persistent weakness with slowing industrial output, weak retail sales and sagging investment complicating efforts to shift toward consumption-led growth. Experts believe that Chinese policymakers must balance geopolitical positioning with the urgent need to stabilise the economy at home. With trade, technology restrictions and Taiwan expected to dominate the agenda, China’s economic vulnerabilities are increasingly shaping the strategic calculations behind Xi’s approach to talks with the United States.
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The contrast between China’s export-driven strength and its faltering domestic performance reflects a broader structural challenge: maintaining robust growth while rebalancing economic activity toward household demand. How Xi handles this dual pressure both at home and in talks with Trump may influence global economic dynamics in the year ahead.
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Export boom, domestic slump
China’s economy has long depended on external demand and manufacturing prowess, buoyed this year by strong export figures that have helped sustain overall growth near official targets. Exports expanded rapidly, pushing China’s trade surplus past $1 trillion in 2025, a modern record that reflects the nation’s entrenched role as a global manufacturing hub.
Yet beneath these numbers lies a troubling gap: domestic consumption remains weak. Recent data show that retail sales grew just 1.3% year-on-year in November, the slowest pace since late 2022, and industrial output has stalled to its weakest expansion in over a year.
Consumer confidence has been dented by a prolonged property downturn, sluggish investment and fading effects from earlier stimulus measures. Analysts warn such imbalances threaten the sustainability of China’s growth model, particularly as global trade tensions persist.
China’s reliance on exports to offset lacklustre domestic demand is increasingly risky. As the economy stalls on multiple fronts, policymakers find themselves constrained: aggressive fiscal stimulus could stoke debt concerns, but structural reforms are politically and economically challenging.
Without stronger consumption, growth may remain heavily dependent on external markets, a dynamic that complicates Xi’s bargaining position as he heads into talks with Trump.
Domestic strain and policy dilemmas
The property sector remains a significant drag on domestic economic momentum. With household wealth heavily tied to real estate, the ongoing crisis in the housing market has dampened consumer spending and confidence. Economists argue that tackling these deep-seated issues will require structural reforms that go beyond temporary fiscal nudges.
Fixed-asset investment has also declined sharply, prompting rare public criticism from Xi himself, who has condemned “reckless” spending and stressed the need for more sustainable growth patterns. At the same time, Beijing continues to push ambitious goals for technology and manufacturing dominance in its upcoming five-year planning cycle, even as the dual challenge re